The absorbption of infra-red radiation can be used to indicate the presence of certain functional groups in a molecule because each bond has it's own frequency. Each particular bond can only absorb radiation of the same frequency as that of what it contains naturally. So, when radiation is shined through it, you can ideantify the bond by what emerges, as what absorbed will be the same frequency as the bond, so you can tell that that is in it.
The fingerprint region is a unique area of the spectrum which is different in each chemical. It's is under the wavenumber 1500 and has many small peaks. The finger print region can be used to confirm a compound's indentity, as it is unique to each one.
Infra red spectra can show impurities too, because they will show up peaks that are not supposed to be there.
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